London : a worl capital Je passe mon oral d'anglais européen dans moins de 2 semaines et j'aimerai que quelqu'un m'aide à corriger ce texte

Publié le 30 avr. 2015 il y a 8A par Anonyme - Fin › 10 mai 2015 dans 8A
1

Sujet du devoir

A global city: London

There are, in the global space, cities with an important influence. Some of them have even a world influence. We called them "global cities". They occupy a prominent position within the global metropolitan archipelago. It's New York, Tokyo, London and Paris. This is not so much their demographic weight which is decisive (greater London account 12 million inhabitants while Tokyo is the most populous city in the world with 29 million inhabitants), but rather their power of command and their force of attraction. London offers a good example of this situation. The British capital shines at multiple scales: local, national, European and worldly.
What are the aspects, factors and the limits of London? How to structure the space of this world city?
1. A city with a global radiation
An imperial inheritance
• The global role of London is largely the result of history. In the 19th century, it is the political, economic and cultural capital of the British Empire, comprising a quarter of the world's population. Major decisions are all taken in London, where the Victorian style (of the name of Queen Victoria) marks the tall buildings of downtown, as to St Pancras station. The city is the gateway of colonial products and the exit door of the manufactured products from a country that is then the 'factory of the world".
• After the end of the colonial empire, the city remains the capital of the Commonwealth, which now has 53 States. The Queen of England is the head of State in a number of them, such as the Australia and Canada, even though they are in fact governed by a Prime Minister. It is from London that the British overseas territories are governed. From the political point of view, London is therefore at the head of an important network of political influence. Its political centre lies to the West of the city, around Buckingham of the Parliament Palace and the residence of the Prime Minister, 10 Downing Street.
An economic centre
• The situation of the city also gives him an opening to the world. It is indeed located in a site of bottom of estuary, on the River Thames. The city is therefore a sea port, even if today the traffic of vessels to the strongest tonnages goes back to the centre. The banks of the River were so long marked, to the East of the city, by industrial and logistical activities: the docks.
• Today, the economic weight of the city is mainly a lot of the services sector, and in particular financial services. The London Stock Exchange, located in the District of the City, is the first in Europe in volume and value of transactions, with almost 600 billion dollars a day. The City is also the main area in Europe. There are today a CBD (Central Business District) in the heart of the city, where was its medieval centre. The recent construction of notable buildings, including the '30 Saint Mary Axe' by the architect Norman Foster, is the symbol of vitality. There are headquarters of nearly 700 banks and financial institutions from all around the world.

A cultural centre
• London is also a city whose cultural influence is considerable. The importance of the English-speaking world and English as an international language allow events and the London cultural currents to be widely distributed on the entire planet. We found in London, museums of art collections from around the world, such as the British Museum or the National Gallery. In contemporary art or music creation, London maintains a global reach.
• The major groups English as the Beatles legacy is still alive, and London 'clubbing' sets the tone for the nights of many places in the world. The 'Fashion week' of London contributes to this image of a young and creative city.
• In the field of sport, the city is at the forefront of the media with the 2012 Olympic Games.
2. A city at the crossroads of flows
A megacity in the heart of the networks at all scales
• The city of London has been at the heart of material flows in imperial times. Today, these circulations are less important. The city remains a center of scope for trade by the infrastructure that now connect it to the rest of the world. Road and rail infrastructure give it an important place at the national level. These networks are indeed polarized on London.
• At European level, the city is now connected to the Mainland by a line of high-speed train through the channel tunnel. Thanks to this infrastructure, London is linked by overland to Paris, other world city, and the European megalopolis, which it constitutes an extension across the channel.
• Around the world, London Heathrow Airport is one of the most important. It is the third in the world in terms of passenger traffic. It is the main European airport hub.
Financial flows
• Financial circulations are very intense in London. They are related to the tradition of negotiate the rates for a number of mineral commodities, such as gold and diamonds. London is also one of the world centers for insurance companies, which generates substantial flows.
• The historical ties with the United States have made London a major place for transatlantic transactions, favoured by a neo-liberal legislation implemented in the 1980s on both sides of the Atlantic by Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher.
• The city is also a place where transactions occur to the countries of origin of many immigrant communities that are there. These transfers are often the primary source of income for these countries of origin.
In the heart of mobilities
• London is marked by the intensity of the human circulation, again at different scales. The city, especially its peripheral spaces, still attracts a population come from medium-sized cities, but this stream is not the most intense.
• Globally, the city welcomed migrants from most former British colonies. Indians and Pakistanis are the largest group, followed by groups from the Caribbean and English-speaking Africa. Migrants from Eastern Europe, but also many young French people, are attracted by the flexibility of the labour market in London. So, the city has become cosmopolitan, summary of the English-speaking world and its attraction. Some districts are so very marked by the presence of a specific community.
• The city also attracts many tourists, attracted by its urban spaces and museums. Business tourism is also very developed, the city being one of the first centers of the World Congress.
3. an urban space contrasted but shaped by the opening to the world
The traditional central spaces
• The centre of the city is experiencing developments found in other global cities. The habitat function is reduced. The City has only 11 000 inhabitants. Is now located in downtown office buildings and spaces dedicated to tourism and largely museifies.
The new centres
• The affirmation of the global role of London has led to the emergence of new centres. Secondary business centres are affirmed. It especially's Docklands area. These industrial areas and those near neighborhoods of downtown have regained a strategic importance in the 1980s. Important real estate transactions have led to their gentrification that is to say the arrival of wealthier in old neighborhoods, whose former inhabitants are gradually chased by rising real estate prices. A new CBD (Central Business District) was also built in Docklands: Canary Wharf.
• On the South Bank of the Thames, opposite to the City, Southwark, industrial and popular district, became a tourist area. The transformation of a powerhouse decommissioned in a Museum of contemporary art - Tate Modern - is a perfect example of conversion. Found also in this area a new emerging business of London Bridge centre.
Spaces still in margin
• Despite these shifts, inequalities persist. Some districts remain deprived of the fruits of the affirmation of London. Because of the very high real estate prices, the popular categories are often relegated in areas distant from the centre, or of satellite cities experiencing a deficit in the number of jobs. These problems sometimes lead to tensions, as shown by the riots of August 2011.
• Despite the presence of major parks in the city center, like Hyde Park, and a green belt around the metropolitan area, pollution problems remain. The congestion of the centre has led to implement a toll system for access to the city centre by car. The city reflects some world cities-specific inequalities.
London thus asserts itself as a global city. Its influence is linked to a both legacies and a very good insertion in flows of globalization. The urban space has been shaped by the influence of the megalopolis at all scales.

Où j'en suis dans mon devoir

J'aimerai que quelqu'un m'aide à corrigé les tournures de phrases et autres maladresses, ca serait sympa :)




1 commentaire pour ce devoir


Anonyme
Posté le 10 mai 2015

Tiens j'ai corriger tes fautes de grammaire et de synthaxe, tu as bien travaillée :)

A global city: London
There are, in the global space, cities with an important influence. Some of them have even a world influence. We called them "global cities". They occupy a prominent position within the global metropolitan archipelago like New York, Tokyo, London and Paris ; this is not so much their demographic weight which is decisive (greater London account 12 million inhabitants while Tokyo is the most populous city in the world with 29 million inhabitants), but rather their power of command and their force of attraction. London offers a good example of this situation since the British capital shines at multiple scales: local, national, European but also worldly.
So,what are the aspects, factors and the limits of London? How to structure the space of this world city?

1. A city with a global radiation
An imperial inheritance
• The global role of London is largely the result of history. In the 19th century, it is the political, economic and cultural capital of the British Empire, comprising a quarter of the world's population. Major decisions are all taken in London, here with her Victorian style (of the name of Queen Victoria) , marks the tall buildings of downtown, as to St Pancras station. The city is the gateway of colonial products and the exit door of the manufactured products from a country that is then the 'factory of the world".
• After the end of the colonial empire, the city remains the capital of the Commonwealth, which now has 53 States. The Queen of England is the head of State in a number of them, such as the Australia and Canada, even though they are in fact governed by a Prime Minister. It is from London that the British overseas territories are governed. From the political point of view, London is therefore at the head of an important network of political influence. Its political centre lies to the West of the city, around Buckingham of the Parliament Palace and the residence of the Prime Minister, 10 Downing Street.
An economic centre

• The situation of the city also gives him an opening to the world. She is indeed located in a site of bottom of estuary, on the River Thames. The city is therefore a sea port, even if today the traffic of vessels to the strongest tonnages goes back to the centre. The banks of the River were so long marked, to the East of the city, by industrial and logistical activities: the docks.
• Today, the economic weight of the city is mainly a lot of the services sector, and in particular financial services. The London Stock Exchange, located in the District of the City, is the first in Europe in volume and value of transactions, with almost 600 billion dollars a day. The City is also the main area in Europe. There are today a CBD (Central Business District) in the heart of the city, where was its medieval centre. The recent construction of notable buildings, as the '30 Saint Mary Axe' created by the architect Norman Foster, which represent the symbol of vitality. Also there are headquarters with of nearly 700 banks and financial institutions from all around the world.
A cultural centre

• London is also a city with considerable cultural influence . The importance of the English-speaking world and of the english as an international language allow events and the London cultural currents to be widely distributed on the entire planet. We can found in London, museums of art collections from around the world, such as the British Museum or the National Gallery. In contemporary art or music creation, London maintains a global reach too.
• The major groups English like the Beatles legacy is still alive, and London 'clubbing' sets the tone for the nights of many places in the world. Moreover, the 'Fashion week' of London contributes to this image of a young and creative city.
• In the field of sport, the city is at the forefront of the media with the 2012 Olympic Games.
2. A city at the crossroads of flows
A megacity in the heart of the networks at all scales
• The city of London has been at the heart of material flows in imperial times. Today, these circulations are less major. The city remains a center of scope for trade thanks to the infrastructure which connect her to the rest of the world. Road and rail infrastructure give it an important place at the national level. These networks are indeed polarized on London.
• At European level, the city is now connected to the Mainland by a line of high-speed train through the channel tunnel. Due to this infrastructure, London is linked by overland to Paris, other world city, and the European megalopolis, which it constitutes an extension across the channel

.• Around the world, London Heathrow Airport is one of the most important. It is the third in the world in terms of passenger traffic. It is the main European airport hub.
Financial flows
• His Financial circulations are very intense in London. They are related to the tradition of negotiate the rates for a number of mineral commodities, such as gold and diamonds. London is also one of the world centers for insurance companies, which generates substantial flows.
• The historical ties with the United States have made London a major place for transatlantic transactions, favoured by a neo-liberal legislation implemented in the 1980s on both sides of the Atlantic by Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher.
• The city is also a place where transactions occur to the countries of origin of many immigrant communities that are there. These transfers are often the primary source of income for these countries of origin.
In the heart of mobilities
• London is marked by the intensity of the human circulation, again at different scales. The city, especially its peripheral spaces, still attracts a population come from medium-sized cities, but this stream is not the most intense.
• Globally, the city welcomed migrants from most former British colonies. Indians and Pakistanis are the largest group, followed by groups from the Caribbean and English-speaking Africa. Migrants from Eastern Europe, but also many young French people, are attracted by the flexibility of the labour market in London. So, the city has become cosmopolitan, summary of the English-speaking world and its attraction. Some districts are so very marked by the presence of a specific community.
• The city also attracts many tourists, attracted by its urban spaces and museums. Business tourism is also very developed, the city being one of the first centers of the World Congress.
3. an urban space contrasted but shaped by the opening to the world
The traditional central spaces
• The centre of the city is experiencing developments found in other global cities. The habitat function is reduced. The City has only 11 000 inhabitants. Is now located in downtown office buildings and spaces dedicated to tourism and largely museifies.
The new centres

• The affirmation of the global role of London has led to the emergence of new centres. Secondary business centres are affirmed. Such as especially's Docklands area. These industrial areas and those near neighborhoods of downtown have regained a strategic importance in the 1980s. Important real estate transactions have led to their gentrification that is to say the arrival of wealthier in old neighborhoods, whose former inhabitants are gradually chased by rising real estate prices. A new CBD (Central Business District) was also built in Docklands: Canary Wharf.
• On the South Bank of the Thames, opposite to the City, Southwark, industrial and popular district, became a tourist area. The transformation of a powerhouse decommissioned in a Museum of contemporary art - Tate Modern - is a perfect example of conversion. Found also in this area a new emerging business of London Bridge centre.
Spaces still in margin
• Despite these shifts, inequalities persist. Some districts remain deprived of the fruits of the affirmation of London. Because of the very high real estate prices, the popular categories are often relegated in areas distant from the centre, or of satellite cities experiencing a deficit in the number of jobs. These problems sometimes lead to tensions, as shown by the riots of August 2011.
• Despite the presence of major parks in the city center, like Hyde Park, and a green belt around the metropolitan area, pollution problems remain. The congestion of the centre has led to implement a toll system for access to the city centre by car. The city reflects some world cities-specific inequalities.
London thus asserts itself as a global city. Its influence is linked to a both legacies and a very good insertion in flows of globalization. The urban space has been shaped by the influence of the megalopolis at all scales.


Ils ont besoin d'aide !

Il faut être inscrit pour aider

Crée un compte gratuit pour aider

Je m'inscrisOU

J'ai déjà un compte

Je me connecte